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English Lesson for Level Advanced - English Gerund
Introduction to English Gerunds
The English gerund form of the verb is the 'ing' form of the verb. Gerunds are verbs that are used as nouns. In other words, by adding 'ing' to any verb you can change that verb into a noun. Gerunds are often used at the beginning of sentences when focusing on activity as the subject of conversation.
Examples:
Playing tennis is good for your health, and good fun!
Listening 10 minutes a day to English will help you improve your understanding of the language.
It's also possible to use gerunds in any other position in a sentence. As a direct object of a verb:
Examples:
Hanna enjoys listening to classical music.
Jason admits spending too much money on toys.
Prepositions + English Gerunds
English Gerunds are also objects of prepositions. This means that whenever a verb follows a preposition, use the gerund or 'ing' form of the verb. This is especially important for adjective + preposition combinations and phrasal verbs (see below) which generally end in prepositions.
Examples:
I looked into buying a new computer.
Sally was afraid of walking alone in the dark.
Verbs + Gerunds
There are many verbs that are always followed by the gerund form. Here are some of the most important:
admit
advise
avoid
consider
delay
deny
discuss
enjoy
finish
keep
postpone
recommend
regret
risk
suggest
tolerate
Examples:
He avoided paying late fees on the account.
She denied knowing anything about the crime.
I postponed making a decision until Monday.
She regrets not studying French in college.
NOTE: Notice that the negative gerund form is 'not + verb + ing'.
Adjective Combinations + Gerunds
Gerunds also follow common adjective + preposition combinations. Remember that prepositions are always followed by the gerund form. In other words, any adjective + preposition form you learn will always be followed by the gerund if used in combination with a verb. Here are some of the most common adjective + preposition combinations:
accustomed to
afraid of
bored with
concerned about
convinced of
dedicated to
disappointed in
exposed to
filled with
guilty of
innocent of
interested in
known for
proud of
remembered for
scared of
tired of
upset with
worried about
Examples:
She's interested in taking French lessons.
The man was found guilty of committing the crime.
Tom is proud of donating his free time to the charity.
Phrasal Verbs + Gerunds
Gerunds are used with phrasal verbs that end in prepositions. Phrasal verbs are verb phrases which are made up of two or more words, generally the verb plus one or two prepositions. Not all phrasal verbs combine with other verbs. Here are some of the most common phrasal verbs that do combine with other verbs in the gerund form:
bring about
call off
check into
cut out
figure out
get over
look into
put off
take over
Examples:
The coach called off practicing for the day.
Tom looked into finding a new job.
She took a long time to get over losing her dog.
The English gerund form of the verb is the 'ing' form of the verb. Gerunds are verbs that are used as nouns. In other words, by adding 'ing' to any verb you can change that verb into a noun. Gerunds are often used at the beginning of sentences when focusing on activity as the subject of conversation.
Examples:
Playing tennis is good for your health, and good fun!
Listening 10 minutes a day to English will help you improve your understanding of the language.
It's also possible to use gerunds in any other position in a sentence. As a direct object of a verb:
Examples:
Hanna enjoys listening to classical music.
Jason admits spending too much money on toys.
Prepositions + English Gerunds
English Gerunds are also objects of prepositions. This means that whenever a verb follows a preposition, use the gerund or 'ing' form of the verb. This is especially important for adjective + preposition combinations and phrasal verbs (see below) which generally end in prepositions.
Examples:
I looked into buying a new computer.
Sally was afraid of walking alone in the dark.
Verbs + Gerunds
There are many verbs that are always followed by the gerund form. Here are some of the most important:
admit
advise
avoid
consider
delay
deny
discuss
enjoy
finish
keep
postpone
recommend
regret
risk
suggest
tolerate
Examples:
He avoided paying late fees on the account.
She denied knowing anything about the crime.
I postponed making a decision until Monday.
She regrets not studying French in college.
NOTE: Notice that the negative gerund form is 'not + verb + ing'.
Adjective Combinations + Gerunds
Gerunds also follow common adjective + preposition combinations. Remember that prepositions are always followed by the gerund form. In other words, any adjective + preposition form you learn will always be followed by the gerund if used in combination with a verb. Here are some of the most common adjective + preposition combinations:
accustomed to
afraid of
bored with
concerned about
convinced of
dedicated to
disappointed in
exposed to
filled with
guilty of
innocent of
interested in
known for
proud of
remembered for
scared of
tired of
upset with
worried about
Examples:
She's interested in taking French lessons.
The man was found guilty of committing the crime.
Tom is proud of donating his free time to the charity.
Phrasal Verbs + Gerunds
Gerunds are used with phrasal verbs that end in prepositions. Phrasal verbs are verb phrases which are made up of two or more words, generally the verb plus one or two prepositions. Not all phrasal verbs combine with other verbs. Here are some of the most common phrasal verbs that do combine with other verbs in the gerund form:
bring about
call off
check into
cut out
figure out
get over
look into
put off
take over
Examples:
The coach called off practicing for the day.
Tom looked into finding a new job.
She took a long time to get over losing her dog.
English Lesson for Level Intermediate - Conditional Sentences
Conditional 0
Situations that are always true if something happens.
NOTE
This use is similiar to, and can usually be replaced by, a time clause using 'when' (example: When I am late, my father takes me to school.)
If I am late, my father takes me to school.
She doesn't worry if Jack stays out after school.
Conditional 0 is formed by the use of the present simple in the if clause followed by a comma the present simple in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses.
If he comes to town, we have dinner.
OR
We have dinner if he comes to town.
Conditional 1
Often called the "real" conditional because it is used for real - or possible - situations. These situations take place if a certain condition is met.
NOTE
In the conditional 1 we often use unless which means 'if ... not'. In other words, '...unless he hurries up.' could also be written, '...if he doesn't hurry up.'.
If it rains, we will stay at home.
He will arrive late unless he hurries up.
Peter will buy a new car, if he gets his raise.
Conditional 1 is formed by the use of the present simple in the if clause followed by a comma will verb (base form) in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses.
If he finishes on time, we will go to the movies.
OR
We will go to the movies if he finishes on time.
Conditional 2
Often called the "unreal" conditional because it is used for unreal - impossible or improbable - situations. This conditional provides an imaginary result for a given situation.
NOTE
The verb 'to be', when used in the 2nd conditional, is always conjugated as 'were'.
If he studied more, he would pass the exam.
I would lower taxes if I were the President.
They would buy a new house if they had more money.
Conditional 2 is formed by the use of the past simple in the if clause followed by a comma would verb (base form) in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses.
If they had more money, they would buy a new house.
OR
They would buy a new house if they had more money.
Conditional 3
Often referred to as the "past" conditional because it concerns only past situations with hypothetical results. Used to express a hypothetical result to a past given situation.
If he had known that, he would have decided differently.
Jane would have found a new job if she had stayed in Boston.
Conditional 3 is formed by the use of the past perfect in the if clause followed by a comma would have past participle in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses.
If Alice had won the competition, life would have changed OR Life would have changed if Alice had won the competition.
Situations that are always true if something happens.
NOTE
This use is similiar to, and can usually be replaced by, a time clause using 'when' (example: When I am late, my father takes me to school.)
If I am late, my father takes me to school.
She doesn't worry if Jack stays out after school.
Conditional 0 is formed by the use of the present simple in the if clause followed by a comma the present simple in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses.
If he comes to town, we have dinner.
OR
We have dinner if he comes to town.
Conditional 1
Often called the "real" conditional because it is used for real - or possible - situations. These situations take place if a certain condition is met.
NOTE
In the conditional 1 we often use unless which means 'if ... not'. In other words, '...unless he hurries up.' could also be written, '...if he doesn't hurry up.'.
If it rains, we will stay at home.
He will arrive late unless he hurries up.
Peter will buy a new car, if he gets his raise.
Conditional 1 is formed by the use of the present simple in the if clause followed by a comma will verb (base form) in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses.
If he finishes on time, we will go to the movies.
OR
We will go to the movies if he finishes on time.
Conditional 2
Often called the "unreal" conditional because it is used for unreal - impossible or improbable - situations. This conditional provides an imaginary result for a given situation.
NOTE
The verb 'to be', when used in the 2nd conditional, is always conjugated as 'were'.
If he studied more, he would pass the exam.
I would lower taxes if I were the President.
They would buy a new house if they had more money.
Conditional 2 is formed by the use of the past simple in the if clause followed by a comma would verb (base form) in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses.
If they had more money, they would buy a new house.
OR
They would buy a new house if they had more money.
Conditional 3
Often referred to as the "past" conditional because it concerns only past situations with hypothetical results. Used to express a hypothetical result to a past given situation.
If he had known that, he would have decided differently.
Jane would have found a new job if she had stayed in Boston.
Conditional 3 is formed by the use of the past perfect in the if clause followed by a comma would have past participle in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses.
If Alice had won the competition, life would have changed OR Life would have changed if Alice had won the competition.
English Lesson for Beginners
Subject Pronouns, To Be, Jobs and Nationalities
Subject Pronouns
I
You
She
He
It
We
You
They
To Be
Affirmative Abbreviated Negative Questions Short Answers
I am angry I'm angry I'm not happy Am I happy? Yes, I am / No, I'm
not.
You are angry You're angry You aren't happy Are you happy? Yes, I am /
No, I'm not
She is angry She's angry She isn't angry Is she angry? Yes, she is / No,
she isn't
He is angry He's angry He isn't happy Is he angry? Yes, he is / No, he
isn't
It is angry It's angry It isn't happy Is it angry? Yes, it is / No, it
isn't
We are angry We're angry We aren't happy Are we happy? Yes, we are / No,
we aren't
You are angry You're angry You aren't happy Are you angry? Yes, we are / No,
we aren't
They are angry They're angry They aren't happy Are they angry? Yes, they are / No, they aren `t
Vocabulary
Jobs
actor detective
artist doctor
baker nurse
bus driver reporter
cleaner teacher
Nationalities
Afghan Chinese Italian Spanish
American Dutch Japanese Thai
Argentinian Ecuadorian Morrocan Turkish
Australian French Nigerian
Belgian German Polish
British Greek Russian
Canadian Iraqui South African
Subject Pronouns
I
You
She
He
It
We
You
They
To Be
Affirmative Abbreviated Negative Questions Short Answers
I am angry I'm angry I'm not happy Am I happy? Yes, I am / No, I'm
not.
You are angry You're angry You aren't happy Are you happy? Yes, I am /
No, I'm not
She is angry She's angry She isn't angry Is she angry? Yes, she is / No,
she isn't
He is angry He's angry He isn't happy Is he angry? Yes, he is / No, he
isn't
It is angry It's angry It isn't happy Is it angry? Yes, it is / No, it
isn't
We are angry We're angry We aren't happy Are we happy? Yes, we are / No,
we aren't
You are angry You're angry You aren't happy Are you angry? Yes, we are / No,
we aren't
They are angry They're angry They aren't happy Are they angry? Yes, they are / No, they aren `t
Vocabulary
Jobs
actor detective
artist doctor
baker nurse
bus driver reporter
cleaner teacher
Nationalities
Afghan Chinese Italian Spanish
American Dutch Japanese Thai
Argentinian Ecuadorian Morrocan Turkish
Australian French Nigerian
Belgian German Polish
British Greek Russian
Canadian Iraqui South African
